what would be the best anatomical feature to look for to distinguish a gastropod from a bivalve?
Cockle (bivalve)
Last updated| Cockle Temporal range: | |
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| Alive specimens of Cerastoderma edule from France | |
Scientific nomenclature  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Subclass: | Heterodonta |
| Social club: | Cardiida |
| Superfamily: | Cardioidea |
| Family: | Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809 |
| Subfamilies | |
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| Synonyms | |
| Lymnocardiidae | |
A cockle is an edible, marine bivalve mollusc. Although many pocket-sized edible bivalves are loosely called cockles, true cockles are species in the family Cardiidae. [2]
- Species
- Genera
- Gallery
- In cuisine and civilisation
- Alternative meanings
- References
- External links
True cockles live in sandy, sheltered beaches throughout the globe. The distinctive rounded shells are bilaterally symmetrical, and are heart-shaped when viewed from the end. Numerous radial, evenly spaced ribs are a characteristic of the shell in most but not all genera (for an exception, see the genus Laevicardium , the egg cockles, which take very polish shells).
The crush of a crinkle is able to shut completely (i.e., there is no "gap" at any bespeak effectually the edge). Though the vanquish of a cockle may superficially resemble that of a scallop because of the ribs, cockles can be distinguished from scallops morphologically in that cockle shells lack "auricles" (triangular ear-shaped protrusions near the hinge line) and scallop shells lack a pallial sinus. Behaviorally, cockles live buried in sediment, whereas scallops either are free-living and volition swim into the water column to avoid a predator, or in some cases alive attached by a byssus to a substrate.
The mantle has iii apertures (inhalant, exhalant, and pedal) for siphoning water and for the pes to protrude. Cockles typically burrow using the foot, and feed past filtering plankton from the surrounding water. Cockles are capable of "jumping" past bending and straightening the foot. As is the example in many bivalves, cockles display gonochorism (the sex of an individual varies according to weather condition), [3] and some species achieve maturity rapidly.
The common name "cockle" is besides given by seafood sellers to a number of other pocket-sized, edible marine bivalves which have a somewhat similar shape and sculpture, but are in other families such equally the Veneridae (Venus clams) and the ark clams (Arcidae). Cockles in the family unit Cardiidae are sometimes referred to equally "true cockles" to distinguish them from these other species.
Species
There are more than 205 living species of cockles, with many more fossil forms. [four]
The common cockle, (Cerastoderma edule), is widely distributed around the coastlines of Northern Europe, with a range extending west to Ireland, the Barents Sea in the northward, Kingdom of norway in the east, and as far s as Senegal.
The dog cockle, Glycymeris glycymeris, has a similar range and habitat to the common crinkle, merely is non at all closely related, existence in the family Glycymerididae. The dog cockle is edible, but due to its toughness when cooked it is generally not eaten, although a procedure is being developed to solve this problem. [5]
The blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa (non related to the truthful cockles, instead in the ark clam family, Arcidae) is extensively cultured from southern Korea to Malaysia. [6]
Genera
Genera within the family Cardiidae include:
- Acanthocardia Grayness, 1851
- † Acobaecardium Paramonova, 1986
- Acrosterigma Dall, 1900
- Adacna Eichwald, 1838
- Afrocardium Tomlin, 1931
- † Agnocardia Stewart, 1930
- † Aktschagylocardium Danukalova, 1996
- Americardia Stewart, 1930
- † Andrusovicardium Paramonova, 1986
- † Anechinocardium Hickman, 2015
- Apiocardia Olsson, 1961
- † Apscheronia Andrusov, 1903
- † Arcicardium P. Fischer, 1887
- † Arpadicardium Eberzin, 1947
- † Austrocardium Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978
- † Avicardium V. P. Kolesnikov, 1950
- † Avicularium Gray, 1853
- † Aviculocardium Bagdasarian, 1978
- † Bosphoricardium Eberzin, 1947
- Bucardium Gray, 1853
- † Budmania Brusina, 1897
- † Byssocardium Tournouër, 1882
- † Caladacna Andrusov, 1917
- Cardium Linnaeus, 1758
- † Caspicardium Astaf'yeva, 1955
- Cerastoderma Poli, 1795
- † Chartoconcha Andrusov, 1907
- † Chokrakia S. V. Popov, 2001
- Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974
- Clinocardium Bully, 1936
- Corculum Röding, 1798
- Ctenocardia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857
- † Dacicardium Papaianopol, 1975
- Dallocardia Stewart, 1930
- Didacna Eichwald, 1838
- † Didacnoides Astaf'yeva, 1960
- † Didacnomya Andrusov, 1923 (uncertain, unassessed)
- † Digressodacna Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964
- Dinocardium Dall, 1900
- Discors Deshayes, 1858
- † Diversicostata Vassoevich & Eberzin, 1930
- † Ecericardium Eberzin, 1947
- † Eoprosodacna Davitashvili, 1934
- † Ethmocardium White, 1880
- Europicardium Popov, 1977
- † Euxinicardium Eberzin, 1947
- Fragum Röding, 1798
- Freneixicardia J. A. Schneider, 2002
- Frigidocardium Habe, 1951
- Fulvia Gray, 1853
- † Gilletella Marinescu, 1973
- Glans Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811
- Goethemia Lambiotte, 1979
- † Goniocardium Vasseur, 1880
- † Granocardium Gabb, 1869
- † Habecardium Glibert & van de Poel, 1970
- † Hedecardium Marwick, 1944
- † Hellenicardium S. Five. Popov & Nevesskaja, 2000
- Hippopus Lamarck, 1799
- † Horiodacna Stefanescu, 1896
- Hypanis Brownnose in Menetries, 1832
- † Integricardium Rollier, 1912
- Keenaea Habe, 1951
- Keenocardium Kafanov, 1974
- † Korobkoviella Merklin, 1974
- † Kubanocardium Muskhelishvili, 1965
- Laevicardium Swainson, 1840
- † Lahillia Cossmann, 1899
- † Limnodacna Eberzin, 1936
- † Limnopagetia Schlickum, 1963
- † Limnopappia Schlickum, 1962
- Lophocardiium P. Fischer, 1887
- † Loxocardium Cossmann, 1886
- Lunulicardia Grayness, 1853
- † Luxuridacna Papaianopol, 1980
- † Lymnocardium Stoliczka, 1870
- Lyrocardium Meek, 1876
- Maoricardium Marwick, 1944
- † Merklinicardium S. V. Popov, 1982 (uncertain, unassessed)
- † Metadacna Eberzin, 1959
- Microcardium Keen, 1937
- Microfragum Habe, 1951
- † Miricardium Paramonova, 1986
- Monodacna Eichwald, 1838
- † Moquicardium Eberzin, 1947
- † Myocardia Belong, 1861 (uncertain, unassessed)
- † Nargicardium Eberzin, 1947
- Nemocardium Meek, 1876
- † Obsoletiformes Kojumdgieva, 1969
- † Omanidacna Harzhauser & Mandic, 2008
- † Oraphocardium Eberzin, 1949
- † Orthocardium Tremlett, 1950
- † Oxydacna Davitashvili, 1930
- † Pachydacna Eberzin, 1955
- † Pannonicardium Stevanović, 1951
- † Panticapaea Andrusov, 1923
- Papillicardium Sacco, 1899
- Papyridea Swainson, 1840
- † Papyrocardium Gabuniya, 1953 (uncertain, unassessed)
- † Paradacna Andrusov, 1909
- † Parapscheronia Eberzin, 1955
- Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884
- † Parvidacna Stevanović, 1950
- † Phyllocardium P. Fischer, 1887
- † Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886
- † Plagiodacna Andrusov, 1903
- † Plagiodacnopsis Andrusov, 1923
- † Planacardium Paramonova, 1971
- † Plicatiformes Kojumdgieva, 1969
- † Pontalmyra Stefanescu, 1896
- Pratulum Iredale, 1924
- † Prionopleura Eberzin, 1949
- Procardium ter Poorten & La Perna, 2017
- † Prophyllicardium Jekelius, 1944 (uncertain, unassessed)
- † Prosochiasta Eberzin, 1959
- † Prosodacna Tournouër, 1882
- † Prosodacnomya Eberzin, 1959
- † Protocardia Beyrich, 1845
- † Protoplagiodacna Stevanović, 1978
- † Pseudocatillus Andrusov, 1903
- Pseudofulvia Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007
- † Pteradacna Andrusov, 1907
- † Raricardium Paramonova, 1986
- † Replidacna Jekelius, 1944
- Ringicardium
- † Schedocardia Stewart, 1930
- † Schirvanicardium Andreescu, 1974
- Serripes Gould, 1841
- † Stylodacna Stefanescu, 1896
- † Submonodacna Livental, 1931
- † Tauricardium Eberzin, 1947
- Trachycardium Mörch, 1853
- Tridacna Bruguière, 1797, the "behemothic clams"
- † Tschaudia Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964
- † Turcmena G. I. Popov, 1956
- Trigoniocardium
- Vasticardium Iredale, 1927
- Vepricardium Iredale, 1929
- † Uniocardium Capellini, 1880 (uncertain, unassessed)
- † Yokoyamaina Hayami, 1958
- † Zamphiridacna Motaş, 1974
Gallery
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Fossil Cardiidae shells (Late Cretaceous, Alberta, Canada).
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Vasticardium berschaueri
In cuisine and culture
Cockles are a popular blazon of edible shellfish in both Eastern and Western cooking. They are collected by raking them from the sands at depression tide. However, collecting cockles is hard work and, as seen from the Morecambe Bay disaster, in which 23 people died, can be dangerous if local tidal conditions are not advisedly watched.
In England and Wales, every bit of 2011 [update] , people are permitted to collect fivekg of cockles for personal use. Even so, pickers wishing to collect more this are deemed to be engaging in commercial fishing and are required to obtain a permit from the Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. [7]
Cockles are a street food in Cambodia. [eight]
Cockles are sold freshly cooked as a snack in the United Kingdom, specially in those parts of the British coastline where cockles are abundant. Boiled, then seasoned with malt vinegar and white pepper, they can be bought from seafood stalls, which also often take for sale mussels, whelks, jellied eels, crabs and shrimp. Cockles are as well bachelor pickled in jars, and more recently, have been sold in sealed packets (with vinegar) containing a plastic two-pronged fork. A meal of cockles fried with bacon, served with laverbread, is known equally a traditional Welsh breakfast. [nine] [10]
Boiled cockles (sometimes grilled) are sold at many bell-ringer centres in Southeast Asia, and are used in laksa, char kway teow and steamboat. They are chosen kerang in Malay and see hum in Cantonese.
In Japan, the Japanese egg cockle (Laevicardium laevigatum) is used to create torigai sushi.
A study conducted in England in the early on 1980s showed a correlation between the consumption of cockles, presumed to be incorrectly processed, and an elevated local occurrence of hepatitis. [xi]
Cockles are an constructive bait for a wide variety of body of water fishes. The folk song "Molly Malone" is also known as "Cockles and Mussels" because the title grapheme'southward sale of the two foods is referred to in the song's refrain. The shells of cockles are mentioned in the English nursery rhyme "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary". Cockles are besides eaten past the indigenous peoples of Due north America. [12]
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Empty cockle beat on the beach
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Bags of cockles picked from Morecambe Bay
Alternative meanings
The common English phrase "it warms the cockles of my heart", is used to hateful that a feeling of deep-seated delectation has been generated.
Differing derivations of this phrase accept been proposed, either direct from the perceived eye-shape of a cockleshell, or indirectly (the scientific name for the type genus of the family is Cardium, from the Latin for heart), or from the Latin diminutive of the word center, corculum. Some other proposed derivation is from the Latin for the ventricles of the heart, cochleae cordis, where the second word is an inflected course of cor, heart, while cochlea is the Latin for snail. [ citation needed ]
Related Research Manufactures
Clam is a common proper noun for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The word is often applied simply to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending nigh of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. Clams take ii shells of equal size connected by 2 adductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing human foot. They alive in both freshwater and marine environments; in salt water they prefer to burrow downwards into the mud and the turbidity of the water required varies with species and location; the greatest diversity of these is in North America.
Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a form of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of ii hinged parts. Bivalves as a group have no caput and they lack some usual molluscan organs like the radula and the odontophore. They include the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, equally well as a number of families that alive in freshwater. The majority are filter feeders. The gills have evolved into ctenidia, specialised organs for feeding and animate. Most bivalves bury themselves in sediment where they are relatively safe from predation. Others lie on the sea floor or adhere themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces. Some bivalves, such as the scallops and file shells, can swim. The shipworms bore into forest, clay, or stone and alive inside these substances.
Scallop is a common proper noun that is primarily practical to any ane of numerous species of saltwater clams or marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family Pectinidae, the scallops. However, the common proper noun "scallop" is also sometimes applied to species in other closely related families within the superfamily Pectinoidea, which also includes the thorny oysters.
The Veneridae or venerids, common proper name: Venus clams, are a very large family of minute to large, saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. Over 500 living species of venerid bivalves are known, most of which are edible, and many of which are exploited as nutrient sources.
Mactridae, common proper noun the trough shells or duck clams, is a family unit of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the order Venerida.
The common cockle is a species of edible saltwater mollusk, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family unit Cardiidae, the cockles. It is plant in waters off Europe, from Republic of iceland in the north, due south into waters off western Africa as far southward as Senegal. The ribbed oval shells can reach vi centimetres (2.iv in) across and are white, yellowish or dark-brown in colour. The common cockle is harvested commercially and eaten in much of its range.
Glycymerididae, ofttimes misspelled as Glycymeridae, common names dog cockles or bittersweets, is a worldwide family of salt water clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the order Arcida. They are related to the ark clams. This family contains 45 extant species in four genera.
The Plicatulidae are a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks, known commonly as kitten'due south paws or kittenpaws. These bivalves are related to oysters and scallops. The family unit has a unmarried living genus, Plicatula, with a 2d, Harpax known from fossils.
Cancellariidae, common name the nutmeg snails or nutmeg shells, are a family of small-scale to medium-big ocean snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. Some of the shells of the species in this family unit resemble a nutmeg seed.
Corculum is a genus of small saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Cardiidae, the cockles. They maintain Symbiodinium dinoflagellates every bit symbionts.
The Fasciolariidae, common name the "tulip snails and spindle snails", are a family unit of small to large body of water snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Buccinoidea.
Corculum cardissa , the heart cockle, is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family Cardiidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region. It has a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae), which live inside its tissues.
Hinge teeth are part of the anatomical construction of the inner surface of a bivalve shell, i.e. the beat out of a bivalve mollusk. Bivalves by definition have 2 valves, which are joined together by a strong and flexible ligament situated on the hinge line at the dorsal edge of the crush. In life, the shell needs to be able to open slightly to permit the foot and siphons to beetle, and then close once more, without the valves moving out of alignment with one another. To brand this possible, in most cases the two valves are articulated using an organization of structures known every bit hinge teeth. Like the ligament, the hinge teeth are besides situated along the hinge line of the shell, in most cases.
Acanthocardia spinosa , the sand cockle, is a species of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Cardiidae. The genus Acanthocardia is present from the Upper Oligocene to the Contempo.
Fragum erugatum is a minor species of cockle, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family unit Cardiidae. It is found in the shallow seas off the declension of Western Commonwealth of australia. Information technology is commonly known as the Hamelin cockle, cardiid cockle or heart cockle.
Lunulicardia is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Cardiidae, the cockles. Fossils species in this genus are present in the Pliocene deposits of Indonesia and the Miocene deposits of Russia.
Laevicardium crassum , the Norwegian egg cockle, is a species of saltwater clam, a cockle, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Cardiidae, the cockles.
References
- ↑ SCHNEIDER, JAY A. (1995). "Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. due north. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. northward.". Zoologica Scripta. Wiley-Blackwell. 24 (4): 321–346. doi:x.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00478.ten. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 86183611.
- ↑ MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=229 on 2022-02-09
- ↑ "Synthesis on biology of Common European Crinkle (Cerastoderma edule" (PDF). Reservebaiedesaintbrieuc.com. Retrieved 2012-10-xiii . [ permanent dead link ]
- ↑ "Cardiidae (Cockles)". Shells.tricity.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-10-13 .
- ↑ {\phi_s}. "European Nutrient Research and Technology, Book 210, Number ane". SpringerLink. Retrieved 2012-10-13 .
- ↑ "Status of mollusc culture in selected Asian countries". Fao.org. Retrieved 2012-ten-thirteen .
- ↑ "Cocklers barred from Ribble estuary afterward coastguard checks". BBC News. 2011-11-01. Retrieved 2011-11-01 .
- ↑ Kraig, B.; Sen, C.T. (2013). Street Food Around the Globe: An Encyclopedia of Food and Civilisation. ABC-CLIO. p.454. ISBN 978-1-59884-955-four . Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ↑ Welsh Regime. "Wales.com – Food". Government of Wales. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 24 Nov 2021.
Laverbread, non actually bread at all but seaweed, is rolled in oatmeal, fried into crisp patties and served with eggs, bacon and fresh cockles for a traditional Welsh breakfast.
- ↑ "Swansea breakfast recipe - a treat with the taste of the coast". VisitWales . Retrieved 24 Nov 2021.
Swansea breakfast recipe - a care for with the gustation of the coast: There's aught like the scent of cockles and laverbread sizzling away in a pan to bring the essence of the Welsh coast directly to you, wherever you might be.
- ↑ O'Mahony MC, Gooch CD, Smyth DA, Thrussell AJ, Bartlett CL, Noah ND (1983). "Epidemic hepatitis A from cockles". Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals. NIH. 3 (6): 479–86. PMID 1222 . Retrieved 2006-03-25 .
- ↑ Swell Blue Heron - Robert William Butler, Robert Butler - Google Books
- Bieler, R.; Carter, J. G.; Coan, E. V. (2010). Classification of Bivalve families. Pp. 113-133, in: Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010), Nomenclator of Bivalve Families. Malacologia. 52(ii): i-184
- Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardiidae . |
- Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol.6 (11thed.). p.627.
- Cockles
- Nutrition Facts for Cockles
- Herrera, Northward. D.; Poorten, J. J. ter; Bieler, R.; Mikkelsen, P. 1000.; Strong, E. E.; Jablonski, D.; Steppan, S. J. (2015). Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography amongst shifting continents in the cockles and giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 94-106
- Poorten, J.J. ter, 2005. Outline of a systematic alphabetize - Recent Cardiidae (Lamarck, 1809). VISAYA net. (Updated 2009 for WoRMS)
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